FUTILE SUBSTRATE CYCLE
\fjˈuːta͡ɪl sˈʌbstɹe͡ɪt sˈa͡ɪkə͡l], \fjˈuːtaɪl sˈʌbstɹeɪt sˈaɪkəl], \f_j_ˈuː_t_aɪ_l s_ˈʌ_b_s_t_ɹ_eɪ_t s_ˈaɪ_k_əl]\
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A set of opposing, nonequilibrium reactions catalyzed by different enzymes which act simultaneously, with at least one of the reactions driven by ATP hydrolysis. The results of the cycle are that ATP energy is depleted, heat is produced and no net substrate-to-product conversion is achieved. Examples of substrate cycling are cycling of gluconeogenesis and glycolysis pathways and cycling of the triglycerides and fatty acid pathways. Rates of substrate cycling may be increased many-fold in association with hypermetabolic states resulting from severe burns, cold exposure, hyperthyroidism, or acute exercise.
By DataStellar Co., Ltd
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hydromorphic
- [Greek] Structurally adapted to an aquatic environment, as organs of water plants.